Sam Alma

Graduate Student in History of Philosophy, Groningen University, The Netherlands

Sam Alma is a graduate student focusing on biological and metaphysical themes in the history of philosophy at Groningen University in the Netherlands.

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Written by Sam Alma

Medieval manuscript illustration of a goat and a person holding a disc, with gold circles in the background, surrounded by text in Latin script.

essayPhilosophy of mind

The problem of erring animals

Three medieval thinkers struggled to explain how animals could make mistakes – and uncovered the nature of nonhuman minds

Sam Alma