Corey S Powell

I see two basic paths to closing in on a meaningful answer. One is to find evidence of life on other worlds and studying its biochemistry in detail. The most likely locations (based on present knowledge) are Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and Titan. Titan is interesting because it is a very low-temperature environment full of exotic organic chemistry. It might stages of chemical organization that are early precursors to life, essentially frozen in a primitive state. Europa and Enceladus have buried oceans that very likely are energized by hydrothermal vents. Potentially they could support the same kind of organisms that arose on Earth 4 billion years ago. And then there is Mars, which is most E...

To my mind, the question here is about the different ways humans try to connect with the natural world, across space and time. There is a powerful connection that comes with acquiring data–in this case, information about ancient ecosystems, dinosaur physiology and biomechanics, etc. But there is also a powerful connection simply in holding a fossil in one’s hands, as Steve Campbell notes in his comment here. The intellectual ideas grow from the study of a physical object, and the physical ownership conveys an intellectual bond. I do think there is some common ground between the two, even if they are starting from different places–and even if, as Mark Norell of AMNH notes, the needs of the...

My short answer: No. My slightly longer answer: No, it is no more speculative than many other areas of science that are built on deductions and investigations founded on phenomena that are only indirectly observed. Scientists studied the nature of hereditary material long before they discovered the double helix of DNA. They studied the nature of elements long before they could detect and manipulate individual atoms. And so it is with dark matter. There is a well-documented phenomenon (a gravitational effect that cannot be explained by visible matter), and a wide variety of studies aimed at trying to understand it.

If you look at the history behind today’s ideas about dark matter, y...

The connection between music and math is a powerful and under-appreciated teaching tool. There are many historical examples (William Herschel, who discovered Uranus and infrared rays, was trained as a musician but became fascinated in astronomy through the mathematical connection), but I also see this in my two young daughters. As soon as they started thinking about rhythm, notes, and time signatures, other ideas about fractions and division and addition suddenly made sense in a whole new way. Schools are already teaching math and music, but I have not seen anything in the standard curriculum that puts the two together in a deep, systematic manner.

For some helpful context about this debate (and about related discussions of dark matter and cold fusion elsewhere on Aeon), I highly recommend this recent essay by Sabine Hossenfelder, “Why Trust A Theory? Physicists And Philosophers Debate The Scientific Method.” It’s available here:

http://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2015/12/10/why-trust-a-theory-physicists-and-philosophers-debate-the-scientific-method/

To me, there is an important benefit and risk in telling stories about great role female or minority models plucked from history. Those people faced more intense forms of discrimination than most prospective scientists do today (at least, if we accept that overall our society has been making progress in lowering barriers and increasing opportunities). There is, therefore, an implicit inspirational message in those stories: intellectual achievement knows no color, and perseverance can pay off even in the face of extreme difficulty.

The real question here is whether that inspirational message outweighs the implicit counterpoint: that women and minorities need extreme intellect and ex...

As interesting as it is to speculate about alien body plans, the most important lesson from terrestrial life (at least for the foreseeable future) is about chemistry, not morphology. The chemistry of life tells you what kind of biosignatures to look for. You want to make sure you are being as creative as possible in your thinking, and yet as specific as possible in distinguishing a biological signal from an abiotic one. In essence, this is the problem of how to define life, but expressed in specific chemical terms.

If planned Mars sample return missions happen in the 2020s as planned, the analysis will be informed by the biochemistries of extremophiles living in cold, highly saline...

I would love to see more open communication in high-controversy areas of research such as cold fusion and unconventional space propulsion. Right now there is a circular quality to this work. Most of its proponents are on the fringe of the scientific mainstream (or beyond); they conduct their research in a semi-secretive manner; other researchers are unable to replicate the results or adequately judge their validity; the researchers complain that they are not taken seriously; they remain on the fringe. I’d love to break out of that.

Probably what we would find is that the alleged breakthrough secrets are errors, noise, misinterpretation, or even willful misrepresentations. But maybe...

It is interesting, though not surprising, to see the prevalence of distrust in the food industry, and in all synthetic chemicals (even ones identical to those occurring in larger doses in natural foods). The intent here is not to declare all synthetic chemicals above reproach, but find ways to instill a healthy balance in public perceptions. I think it’s worth returning to a few of James Kennedy’s key points:

• Chemicals should be evaluated for safety based on their chemistry, not on their point of origin. This does not mean that synthetic chemicals should be given a free ride. It means that natural chemicals should be treated with just as much caution, since many of them carry the...

My hunch–more impressionistic than scientific–is that human colonization of new worlds will happen eventually, but it will be accomplished by sending self-assembled biological or AI representatives of ourselves. Perhaps it will be possible to send a small ship that builds incubators from local materials, then creates robotic guardians to raise the humans who emerge from them. As improbable as that may sound, it still strikes me as more plausible than sending living, breathing, adult humans on a centuries-long (or longer) voyage to another star system. But the technology to do that (assuming it’s even possible) seems like it must be centuries off.

Terraforming Mars seems is another ...

One thing that strikes me about this latest research is the substantial number of practical implications of Einstein’s theoretical ideas: from his work on the theory behind lasers, to his ideas on the photoelectric effect (the basis behind modern digital cameras and video), to the time-altering effect of special and general relativity (needed to keep GPS signals in sync).